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Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshalingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.
Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudies,issloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementonlybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathermatics,subtile;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend:Abeuntstudiainmores.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies.
论读书
--培根
读书可以作为娱乐，作为装饰，作为能力的培养。娱乐的作用通常见于离群独处时；装饰的作用体现在高谈阔论中；至于才能，则表现在裁处事务上。行家里手虽能事无巨细--予以处理或判明是非，但运筹全局、合理谋划则少不了茂士英才。读书费时过多，无异于懒惰；装饰之用过滥，显得矫揉造作；办事只知照本宣科，实为书呆子气。读书弥补天性的缺陷，经验又弥补读书的不足：人的天性犹如自然的花木，需要学习予以整枝培育；读书自身无边无际，需要经验予以制约。取巧者蔑视学问，无知者羡慕学问，明智者运用学习；因为学问本身并没有教人如何运用；运用的智慧不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察所得。读书时不要与作者作对，不要诘难他；但也不要轻信，以为书上什么都对；更不要寻章摘句，用来炫耀；而应该着意掂量，仔细斟酌。有的书可供品尝，有的书只能吞食，少数的应该细细咀嚼，-一消化；那是说，有的书只需读其中一部分；有的书用不着读得太认真；但少数好书则需要认真细致地通读。有的书还可以请人代读，取其摘要就行；但这只限于不甚重要的论述和次等书籍；否则，经过摘录的书犹如经过蒸馏的水，变得淡而无味了。读书使人充实；交谈使人机敏；摘录使人精确。因此，一个人读书时如果很少摘录，则需有超群的记忆；如果他很少与人交谈，则应有随机应变之才；如果他很少读书，则需要取巧有术，让人觉得他并非孤陋寡闻。历史使人聪明；诗歌使人机智；数学使人精密；哲理使人深刻；道德使人正经；逻辑与修辞使人能言善辩：总之，读书能陶冶人的性情。读书得当，决不会使人心智受损，只会益智增才。
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